{"id":10021,"date":"2025-07-07T00:28:47","date_gmt":"2025-07-06T21:28:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/?p=10021"},"modified":"2026-05-27T16:00:28","modified_gmt":"2026-05-27T13:00:28","slug":"electrochemical-sensors-precise-chemistry-what-we-don-39-t-see","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/electrochemical-sensors-precise-chemistry-what-we-don-39-t-see\/","title":{"rendered":"Electrochemical sensors: precision chemistry that sees the invisible"},"content":{"rendered":"<p data-start=\"355\" data-end=\"628\"><strong data-start=\"355\" data-end=\"381\">Electrochemical sensors<\/strong> have become an integral part of modern medicine, ecology, the food industry, and even security. They allow you to detect the smallest concentrations of substances in biological fluids, air, or water \u2014 quickly, accurately, and without complex laboratory procedures.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"630\" data-end=\"664\">What is an electrochemical sensor?<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"904\">This is a device that converts chemical information (presence, concentration of a certain substance) into an electrical signal. It is based on electrode(s) that interact with the analyte (the substance being tested) and respond by changing current, voltage, or impedance.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"906\" data-end=\"946\">Electrochemical sensor components:<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"948\" data-end=\"1247\">\n<li data-start=\"948\" data-end=\"997\">\n<p data-start=\"950\" data-end=\"997\"><strong data-start=\"950\" data-end=\"970\">Working electrode<\/strong> \u2014 where the reaction takes place;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"998\" data-end=\"1062\">\n<p data-start=\"1000\" data-end=\"1062\"><strong data-start=\"1000\" data-end=\"1024\">Reference electrode<\/strong> \u2014 ensures stability of potential;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1063\" data-end=\"1119\">\n<p data-start=\"1065\" data-end=\"1119\"><strong data-start=\"1065\" data-end=\"1088\">Auxiliary electrode<\/strong> \u2014 closing of an electrical circuit;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1120\" data-end=\"1247\">\n<p data-start=\"1122\" data-end=\"1247\"><strong data-start=\"1122\" data-end=\"1153\">Membrane\/bioselective layer<\/strong> \u2014 is responsible for specificity (for example, an enzyme, antibody, or artificial receptor structure).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-start=\"1249\" data-end=\"1281\">Types of electrochemical sensors<\/h2>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_80l1q_1\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_80l1q_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"1283\" data-end=\"1797\">\n<thead data-start=\"1283\" data-end=\"1335\">\n<tr data-start=\"1283\" data-end=\"1335\">\n<th data-start=\"1283\" data-end=\"1297\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Sensor type<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"1297\" data-end=\"1311\" data-col-size=\"md\">Principle of operation<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"1311\" data-end=\"1335\" data-col-size=\"md\">Application example<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"1390\" data-end=\"1797\">\n<tr data-start=\"1390\" data-end=\"1490\">\n<td data-start=\"1390\" data-end=\"1408\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Amperometric<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1408\" data-end=\"1476\">Measures the current resulting from the oxidation\/reduction of the analyte<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1476\" data-end=\"1490\">Glucometers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1491\" data-end=\"1601\">\n<td data-start=\"1491\" data-end=\"1511\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Potentiometric<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1511\" data-end=\"1551\">Measures changes in electrical potential<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1551\" data-end=\"1601\">Ion-selective electrodes (e.g. pH meters)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1602\" data-end=\"1695\">\n<td data-start=\"1602\" data-end=\"1622\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Conductometric<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1622\" data-end=\"1668\">Measures changes in the electrical conductivity of the medium<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1668\" data-end=\"1695\">Determination of salts in water<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1696\" data-end=\"1797\">\n<td data-start=\"1696\" data-end=\"1710\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Impedance<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1710\" data-end=\"1755\">Analyzes the resistance and capacitance of an electrical circuit<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1755\" data-end=\"1797\">Diagnosis of cellular changes, <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/analyzes-in-medilab-plus-biosensory-as-a-new-level-of-laboratory-diagnostics\/\"   title=\"Analyses in Medilab Plus: biosensors as a new level of laboratory diagnostics\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"127\">biosensors<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 data-start=\"1799\" data-end=\"1841\">Where are electrochemical sensors used?<\/h2>\n<ol data-start=\"1843\" data-end=\"2556\">\n<li data-start=\"1843\" data-end=\"1995\">\n<p data-start=\"1846\" data-end=\"1860\"><strong data-start=\"1846\" data-end=\"1858\">Medicine<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1864\" data-end=\"1995\">\n<li data-start=\"1864\" data-end=\"1904\">\n<p data-start=\"1866\" data-end=\"1904\">glucometers for blood sugar control;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1908\" data-end=\"1951\">\n<p data-start=\"1910\" data-end=\"1951\">sensors on <a href=\"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/analysis\/biochemical-blood-tests\/ferments\/lactate-dehydrogenase-ldg-lactate-dehydrogenase\/\" title=\"Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"520\">lactate<\/a>, cholesterol, creatinine;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1955\" data-end=\"1995\">\n<p data-start=\"1957\" data-end=\"1995\">cancer markers in saliva or plasma.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1997\" data-end=\"2125\">\n<p data-start=\"2000\" data-end=\"2014\"><strong data-start=\"2000\" data-end=\"2012\">Ecology<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2018\" data-end=\"2125\">\n<li data-start=\"2018\" data-end=\"2065\">\n<p data-start=\"2020\" data-end=\"2065\">detection of heavy metals in rivers and soils;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2069\" data-end=\"2125\">\n<p data-start=\"2071\" data-end=\"2125\">air pollution control (ozone, hydrogen sulfide, NO\u2082).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2127\" data-end=\"2288\">\n<p data-start=\"2130\" data-end=\"2153\"><strong data-start=\"2130\" data-end=\"2151\">Agro-industry<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2157\" data-end=\"2288\">\n<li data-start=\"2157\" data-end=\"2189\">\n<p data-start=\"2159\" data-end=\"2189\">control of nitrates in products;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2193\" data-end=\"2236\">\n<p data-start=\"2195\" data-end=\"2236\">detection of pesticides in soil or vegetables;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2240\" data-end=\"2288\">\n<p data-start=\"2242\" data-end=\"2288\">measuring the ionic composition of the soil solution.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2290\" data-end=\"2415\">\n<p data-start=\"2293\" data-end=\"2320\"><strong data-start=\"2293\" data-end=\"2318\">Food industry<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2324\" data-end=\"2415\">\n<li data-start=\"2324\" data-end=\"2361\">\n<p data-start=\"2326\" data-end=\"2361\">quality control of dairy products;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2365\" data-end=\"2415\">\n<p data-start=\"2367\" data-end=\"2415\">detection of counterfeits and expired goods.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2417\" data-end=\"2556\">\n<p data-start=\"2420\" data-end=\"2452\"><strong data-start=\"2420\" data-end=\"2450\">Security and military affairs<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2456\" data-end=\"2556\">\n<li data-start=\"2456\" data-end=\"2503\">\n<p data-start=\"2458\" data-end=\"2503\">detection of toxins, poisons, explosives;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2507\" data-end=\"2556\">\n<p data-start=\"2509\" data-end=\"2556\">saliva\/breath alcohol or drug testing.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 data-start=\"2558\" data-end=\"2594\">Advantages of electrochemical sensors<\/h2>\n<ul data-start=\"2596\" data-end=\"2987\">\n<li data-start=\"2596\" data-end=\"2665\">\n<p data-start=\"2598\" data-end=\"2665\"><strong data-start=\"2598\" data-end=\"2619\">High sensitivity<\/strong> \u2014 determination of even nano- and pico-concentrations;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2666\" data-end=\"2728\">\n<p data-start=\"2668\" data-end=\"2728\"><strong data-start=\"2668\" data-end=\"2681\">Speed<\/strong> \u2014 results within minutes or even seconds;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2729\" data-end=\"2807\">\n<p data-start=\"2731\" data-end=\"2807\"><strong data-start=\"2731\" data-end=\"2749\">Miniaturization<\/strong> \u2014 the possibility of creating portable or wearable devices;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2808\" data-end=\"2889\">\n<p data-start=\"2810\" data-end=\"2889\"><strong data-start=\"2810\" data-end=\"2822\">Cost<\/strong> \u2014 cheaper than many spectroscopic or chromatographic methods;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2890\" data-end=\"2987\">\n<p data-start=\"2892\" data-end=\"2987\"><strong data-start=\"2892\" data-end=\"2932\">Possibility of integration with electronics<\/strong> \u2014 connection to a smartphone, monitoring automation.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-start=\"2989\" data-end=\"3024\">Modern research and innovation<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"3026\" data-end=\"3077\">Leading laboratories around the world are actively researching:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3079\" data-end=\"3415\">\n<li data-start=\"3079\" data-end=\"3180\">\n<p data-start=\"3081\" data-end=\"3180\"><strong data-start=\"3081\" data-end=\"3112\">Nanostructured electrodes<\/strong> \u2014 use of carbon nanotubes, graphene, gold nanoparticles;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3181\" data-end=\"3260\">\n<p data-start=\"3183\" data-end=\"3260\"><strong data-start=\"3183\" data-end=\"3211\">DNA-based biosensors<\/strong> \u2014 to detect mutations or viral fragments;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3261\" data-end=\"3319\">\n<p data-start=\"3263\" data-end=\"3319\"><strong data-start=\"3263\" data-end=\"3283\">Paper sensors<\/strong> \u2014 disposable, cheap, biodegradable;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3320\" data-end=\"3415\">\n<p data-start=\"3322\" data-end=\"3415\"><strong data-start=\"3322\" data-end=\"3361\">Integration with the Internet of Things (IoT)<\/strong> \u2014 sensors that transmit data online in real time.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10023\" src=\"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/zensina-vrac-centra-vosstanovlenia-covid-proveraet-uroven-kisloroda-u-pozilogo-pacienta.jpg\" alt=\"the patient uses a glucometer\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/zensina-vrac-centra-vosstanovlenia-covid-proveraet-uroven-kisloroda-u-pozilogo-pacienta.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/zensina-vrac-centra-vosstanovlenia-covid-proveraet-uroven-kisloroda-u-pozilogo-pacienta-150x100.jpg 150w, https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/zensina-vrac-centra-vosstanovlenia-covid-proveraet-uroven-kisloroda-u-pozilogo-pacienta-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/zensina-vrac-centra-vosstanovlenia-covid-proveraet-uroven-kisloroda-u-pozilogo-pacienta-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/zensina-vrac-centra-vosstanovlenia-covid-proveraet-uroven-kisloroda-u-pozilogo-pacienta-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/zensina-vrac-centra-vosstanovlenia-covid-proveraet-uroven-kisloroda-u-pozilogo-pacienta-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"3417\" data-end=\"3449\">Example: How does a blood glucose meter work?<\/h2>\n<ol data-start=\"3451\" data-end=\"3726\">\n<li data-start=\"3451\" data-end=\"3493\">\n<p data-start=\"3454\" data-end=\"3493\">A drop of blood is applied to the test strip.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3494\" data-end=\"3569\">\n<p data-start=\"3497\" data-end=\"3569\">The enzyme (glucose oxidase) reacts with glucose \u2192 hydrogen peroxide is formed.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3570\" data-end=\"3638\">\n<p data-start=\"3573\" data-end=\"3638\">This product is oxidized at the electrode \u2192 an electric current is generated.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3639\" data-end=\"3687\">\n<p data-start=\"3642\" data-end=\"3687\">The current strength is proportional to the concentration <a href=\"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/analysis\/biochemical-blood-tests\/carbohydrate-metabolism\/blood-glucose\/\">glucose<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3688\" data-end=\"3726\">\n<p data-start=\"3691\" data-end=\"3726\">The result is displayed on the screen.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"3743\" data-end=\"4045\">Electrochemical sensors are universal chemical \u201cdetectives\u201d of a new generation. They already determine the composition of blood, the quality of water and products on store shelves. Every year they become more accurate, smaller and smarter. And most importantly, closer to a person: in a pocket, on a wrist or in a smartphone.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Electrochemical sensors have become an integral part of modern medicine, ecology, the food industry, and even security. They allow you to detect the smallest concentrations of substances in<\/p>","protected":false},"author":627,"featured_media":10022,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10021","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0415\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0445\u0456\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0438: \u044f\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0456 \u0434\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0429\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0435 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Gromashevsky \u2022 2010, 2015, 2021 \u2014 organization and management of healthcare \u2022 2017 \u2014 clinical laboratory diagnostics, Ukrainian Military Medical Academy \u2022 2017 \u2014 clinical biochemistry, Ukrainian Military Medical Academy \u2022 2018 \u2014 clinical immunology, Ukrainian Military Medical Academy \u2022 2025 \u2014 topical issues of modern medicine and pharmacy, Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute Work experience \u2022 1979\u20131982 \u2014 hospital nurse \u2022 1982\u20131986 \u2014 assistant epidemiologist \u2022 1986\u20131987 \u2014 laboratory assistant \u2022 1987\u20132007 \u2014 head of a centralized serological laboratory \u2022 Since 2007 \u2014 director of Medi Lab Plus LLC Key competencies Organization and management of medical laboratories, implementation of modern methods of laboratory diagnostics (PCR, immunological and biochemical studies), quality control of laboratory processes in accordance with state and international standards.","url":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/ulyana-anatoliyivna-dzyuba-likar-z-klinichnoyi-laboratornoyi-diagnostyky-klinichnoyi-biohimiyi-ta-imunologiyi-v-hmelnytskomu\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10021","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/627"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10021"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10021\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10022"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10021"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10021"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10021"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}