{"id":10816,"date":"2025-11-13T20:29:18","date_gmt":"2025-11-13T18:29:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/?p=10816"},"modified":"2026-04-20T18:53:32","modified_gmt":"2026-04-20T15:53:32","slug":"the-impact-of-antibiotics-on-the-microbiome-a-review-of-studies-and-current-scientific-data","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/the-impact-of-antibiotics-on-the-microbiome-a-review-of-studies-and-current-scientific-data\/","title":{"rendered":"The impact of antibiotics on the microbiome: a review of research and current scientific evidence"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"kk-star-ratings kksr-auto kksr-align-left kksr-valign-top\"\n    data-payload='{&quot;align&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;10816&quot;,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;valign&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;ignore&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;reference&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;count&quot;:&quot;240&quot;,&quot;legendonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;readonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;score&quot;:&quot;4.9&quot;,&quot;starsonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;best&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;gap&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;greet&quot;:&quot;Rate this post&quot;,&quot;legend&quot;:&quot;4.9\\\/5 - (240 votes)&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;24&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;\u0412\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0431\u0456\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0456\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0456\u043e\u043c: \u043e\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0445&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;139.6&quot;,&quot;_legend&quot;:&quot;{score}\\\/{best} - ({count} {votes})&quot;,&quot;font_factor&quot;:&quot;1.25&quot;}'>\n            \n<div class=\"kksr-stars\">\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-inactive\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"1\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"2\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"3\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"4\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"5\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-active\" style=\"width: 139.6px;\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                \n\n<div class=\"kksr-legend\" style=\"font-size: 19.2px;\">\n            4.9\/5 - (240 votes)    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<p data-start=\"618\" data-end=\"997\"><a href=\"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/how-bacteria-affect-the-intestinal-microbiome-and-why-it-is-important-to-maintain-its-balance\/\">Microbiome<\/a> The human gut is considered by modern science as one of the key regulators of metabolic, immune, and neurochemical processes. Recent studies show that the composition of the intestinal microbiota is directly related to resistance to infections, the effectiveness of the immune response, the speed of tissue repair, the response to drug therapy, and even cognitive functions.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"999\" data-end=\"1485\">Antibiotics, while remaining critically important in the treatment of bacterial infections, can also cause significant changes in the structure and diversity of the microbiome. These changes can be temporary or long-lasting, affecting the body for months and sometimes years. Scientific reviews by WHO and publications in the journals Nature Microbiology, Cell and Science Translational Medicine confirm that antibiotics are one of the most powerful factors modifying human bacterial ecosystems.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"1487\" data-end=\"1553\">Systemic effects of antibiotics on the microbiome: summarizing the evidence<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1555\" data-end=\"1780\">Broad-spectrum antibiotics significantly reduce bacterial diversity, especially the genera Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, and Akkermansia, which play a key role in maintaining intestinal barrier function.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1782\" data-end=\"2048\">Mayo Clinic publications emphasize that the decrease in the number of these bacteria is associated with increased permeability of the intestinal wall, modification of the immune response, and impaired synthesis of short-chain fatty acids \u2014 critically important metabolites for intestinal cells.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2050\" data-end=\"2115\">Scientific evidence shows several universal effects of antibiotics:<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2117\" data-end=\"2407\">\u2022 reduction of bacterial diversity<br data-start=\"2155\" data-end=\"2158\" \/>\u2022 change in proportions between dominant bacterial genera<br data-start=\"2214\" data-end=\"2217\" \/>\u2022 increase in the number of opportunistic pathogens<br data-start=\"2273\" data-end=\"2276\" \/>\u2022 inhibition of the synthesis of beneficial metabolites (SCFA, B vitamins, vitamin K2)<br data-start=\"2357\" data-end=\"2360\" \/>\u2022 risk of colonization with resistant strains of bacteria<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2409\" data-end=\"2534\">Disruption of the microbiome after a course of antibiotics is described as \u00abantibiotic-induced dysbiosis,\u00bb which can have clinical consequences.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"2536\" data-end=\"2590\">The effect of different groups of antibiotics: a comparative analysis<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"2592\" data-end=\"2770\">Scientific observations demonstrate that the degree of effect depends on the spectrum of action of the drug, duration of therapy, patient age, metabolic status, and initial microbiota composition.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2772\" data-end=\"2856\">The following is a summary of information based on FDA publications and clinical reviews.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"2858\" data-end=\"2916\">Table: antibiotics and the nature of their impact on the microbiome<\/h2>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"group _tableWrapper_1rjym_13 flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"2918\" data-end=\"3791\">\n<thead data-start=\"2918\" data-end=\"3000\">\n<tr data-start=\"2918\" data-end=\"3000\">\n<th data-start=\"2918\" data-end=\"2937\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Group of antibiotics<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2937\" data-end=\"2958\" data-col-size=\"md\">Impact on the microbiome<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2958\" data-end=\"3000\" data-col-size=\"md\">Main risks described in studies<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"3019\" data-end=\"3791\">\n<tr data-start=\"3019\" data-end=\"3124\">\n<td data-start=\"3019\" data-end=\"3030\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Penicillins<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3030\" data-end=\"3081\" data-col-size=\"md\">Significant reduction in the diversity of anaerobic bacteria<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3081\" data-end=\"3124\" data-col-size=\"md\">antibiotic-associated diarrhea, candidiasis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3125\" data-end=\"3254\">\n<td data-start=\"3125\" data-end=\"3135\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Macrolides<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3135\" data-end=\"3196\" data-col-size=\"md\">Long-term changes in bacterial populations (up to 6\u201312 months)<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3196\" data-end=\"3254\" data-col-size=\"md\">impaired barrier function, risk of resistant strains<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3255\" data-end=\"3359\">\n<td data-start=\"3255\" data-end=\"3269\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Cephalosporins<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3269\" data-end=\"3320\" data-col-size=\"md\">High impact on Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3320\" data-end=\"3359\" data-col-size=\"md\">indigestion, bloating, diarrhea<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3360\" data-end=\"3478\">\n<td data-start=\"3360\" data-end=\"3373\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Fluoroquinolones<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3373\" data-end=\"3414\" data-col-size=\"md\">Imbalance between Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3414\" data-end=\"3478\" data-col-size=\"md\">metabolic changes, risk of overgrowth of Enterobacteriaceae<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3479\" data-end=\"3578\">\n<td data-start=\"3479\" data-end=\"3492\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Tetracyclines<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3492\" data-end=\"3530\" data-col-size=\"md\">Broad effect on obligate anaerobes<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3530\" data-end=\"3578\" data-col-size=\"md\">decreased SCFA production, photosensitization<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3579\" data-end=\"3669\">\n<td data-start=\"3579\" data-end=\"3594\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Aminoglycosides<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3594\" data-end=\"3634\" data-col-size=\"md\">Limited exposure (low absorption)<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3634\" data-end=\"3669\" data-col-size=\"md\">local changes in intestinal flora<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3670\" data-end=\"3791\">\n<td data-start=\"3670\" data-end=\"3685\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Sulfonamides<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3685\" data-end=\"3753\" data-col-size=\"md\">Reduction in populations of bacteria involved in vitamin synthesis<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"3753\" data-end=\"3791\">deficiency states, metabolic changes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p data-start=\"3793\" data-end=\"4004\">Research published in Nature confirms that even short courses of antibiotics can reduce bacterial diversity by 20\u201330%, and full restoration of the microbiome can take from a few weeks to a year.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"4006\" data-end=\"4059\">Clinical consequences of antibiotic-induced dysbiosis<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"4061\" data-end=\"4144\">Based on the reviews of the WHO and Mayo Clinic, several main groups of consequences can be distinguished:<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4146\" data-end=\"4521\">\u2022 digestive disorders (bloating, diarrhea, change in food tolerance)<br data-start=\"4218\" data-end=\"4221\" \/>\u2022 modification of the immune response, including increased incidence of viral infections<br data-start=\"4301\" data-end=\"4304\" \/>\u2022 risk of C. difficile-associated diarrhea<br data-start=\"4344\" data-end=\"4347\" \/>\u2022 endocrine changes due to impaired fatty acid metabolism<br data-start=\"4407\" data-end=\"4410\" \/>\u2022 increased risk of allergic reactions<br data-start=\"4448\" data-end=\"4451\" \/>\u2022 impact on psycho-emotional state due to disruption of the gut-brain axis\u00ab<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4523\" data-end=\"4637\">In children, these effects are more pronounced, especially under the age of three, when the microbiome is in the formation phase.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"4639\" data-end=\"4696\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10818\" src=\"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/999.jpg\" alt=\"human bacterial microbiome scientific diagram\" width=\"1176\" height=\"662\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/999.jpg 1176w, https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/999-150x84.jpg 150w, https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/999-600x338.jpg 600w, https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/999-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/999-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/999-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1176px) 100vw, 1176px\" \/><\/h2>\n<h2 data-start=\"4639\" data-end=\"4696\">Analyses and methods for assessing the microbiome after antibiotics<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"4698\" data-end=\"4747\">To assess the state of microbial balance, the following are used:<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4749\" data-end=\"4956\">\u2022 DNA metagenomic sequencing (16S rRNA)<br data-start=\"4790\" data-end=\"4793\" \/>\u2022 comprehensive bacteriological profiles<br data-start=\"4829\" data-end=\"4832\" \/>\u2022 stool analysis with SCFA study<br data-start=\"4862\" data-end=\"4865\" \/>\u2022 tests for yeast-like fungi<br data-start=\"4897\" data-end=\"4900\" \/>\u2022 assessment of inflammatory markers (<a href=\"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/price\/?3325_search_1=%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD&amp;3325_device=laptop&amp;3325_orderby=relevance&amp;3325_paged=1&amp;3325_filtered=true\">calprotectin<\/a>, lactoferrin)<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4958\" data-end=\"5128\">Clinical protocols recommend evaluating the microbiome in cases of recurrent diarrhea, frequent infections, decreased immunity, or after using several antibiotics in a row.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"5130\" data-end=\"5178\">Strategies for supporting and restoring the microbiome<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"5180\" data-end=\"5267\">Based on current research, the following microbiota play a key role in restoring:<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5269\" data-end=\"5507\">\u2022 high fiber content in the diet (<a href=\"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/how-do-prebiotics-work-and-why-are-they-important-for-your-health\/\">prebiotic<\/a> effect)<br data-start=\"5326\" data-end=\"5329\" \/>\u2022 fermented foods<br data-start=\"5352\" data-end=\"5355\" \/>\u2022 adequate water consumption<br data-start=\"5382\" data-end=\"5385\" \/>\u2022 moderate physical activity<br data-start=\"5413\" data-end=\"5416\" \/>\u2022 limiting added sugar<br data-start=\"5442\" data-end=\"5445\" \/>\u2022 use of probiotic strains (as recommended by a doctor)<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5509\" data-end=\"5708\">Scientific reviews emphasize that probiotics are not a universal solution, but in some cases they reduce the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and accelerate the recovery of certain bacterial populations.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5710\" data-end=\"6103\">The microbiome is a renewable system, but the speed and completeness of its recovery depend on the initial state of the organism, age and diet. Formal scientific analysis confirms that responsible use of antibiotics, rational nutrition and, if necessary, laboratory monitoring help to minimize the negative consequences of antibiotic therapy and maintain a normal microbial balance.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The human microbiome is considered by modern science as one of the key regulators of metabolic, immune and neurochemical processes. 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Dzyuba","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Ulyana-Anatolivna-Dzyuba-MediLab-Plyus-150x150.jpg","url":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Ulyana-Anatolivna-Dzyuba-MediLab-Plyus-150x150.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Ulyana-Anatolivna-Dzyuba-MediLab-Plyus-150x150.jpg","caption":"\u0423\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0457\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0437\u044e\u0431\u0430"},"description":"Director of Medi Lab Plus LLC. Specialist in clinical laboratory diagnostics, clinical biochemistry and immunology. Has over 45 years of practical experience in medicine and laboratory diagnostics. Since 2007, he has been the founder and head of Medi Lab Plus LLC. She began her professional career as a nurse, later worked as an assistant epidemiologist and laboratory assistant. In 1987\u20132007, she headed a centralized serological laboratory. Education and specializations \u2022 1979 \u2014 Khmelnytskyi Basic Medical School, paramedic \u2022 1986 \u2014 Odessa State University named after I.I. Mechnikov, biologist \u2022 2001 \u2014 clinical laboratory diagnostics, NMAPE named after P.L. Shupyk \u2022 2008 \u2014 PCR diagnostics of infectious diseases, Institute of Epidemiology named after L.V. Gromashevsky \u2022 2010, 2015, 2021 \u2014 organization and management of healthcare \u2022 2017 \u2014 clinical laboratory diagnostics, Ukrainian Military Medical Academy \u2022 2017 \u2014 clinical biochemistry, Ukrainian Military Medical Academy \u2022 2018 \u2014 clinical immunology, Ukrainian Military Medical Academy \u2022 2025 \u2014 topical issues of modern medicine and pharmacy, Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute Work experience \u2022 1979\u20131982 \u2014 hospital nurse \u2022 1982\u20131986 \u2014 assistant epidemiologist \u2022 1986\u20131987 \u2014 laboratory assistant \u2022 1987\u20132007 \u2014 head of a centralized serological laboratory \u2022 Since 2007 \u2014 director of Medi Lab Plus LLC Key competencies Organization and management of medical laboratories, implementation of modern methods of laboratory diagnostics (PCR, immunological and biochemical studies), quality control of laboratory processes in accordance with state and international standards.","url":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/author\/medilab-an\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10816","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/627"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10816"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10816\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10817"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10816"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10816"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10816"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}