{"id":9186,"date":"2024-11-26T13:09:47","date_gmt":"2024-11-26T11:09:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/?p=9186"},"modified":"2026-04-20T18:54:47","modified_gmt":"2026-04-20T15:54:47","slug":"human-papillomavirus-vpl-how-it-is-transmitted-what-it-causes-and-how-it-is-cured","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/human-papillomavirus-vpl-how-it-is-transmitted-what-it-causes-and-how-it-is-cured\/","title":{"rendered":"Human papillomavirus (HPV): how it is transmitted, what it causes and how to protect yourself"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n 4.8\/5 - (2119 votes) <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

What is human papillomavirus?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections<\/strong>, and at the same time one of the key risk factors for the development cervical cancer, anogenital warts and some other oncopathologies<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

There are over 150 types of HPV<\/strong>, of which approximately 40 affect the mucous membranes of the genital organs. They are conventionally divided into:<\/p>\n

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  • \n

    low-oncogenic types (e.g. 6, 11)<\/strong> \u2014 cause warts, condylomas<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    highly oncogenic types (e.g. 16, 18, 31, 33, 45)<\/strong> \u2014 associated with cancer<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    According to WHO, over 80% people are infected with HPV during their lifetime<\/strong>, most are asymptomatic. But some infected with the virus remains in the body, becomes active or becomes chronic<\/strong>, causing pathological changes in cells.<\/p>\n

    How is HPV transmitted?<\/strong><\/h2>\n
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      Sexual path<\/strong> \u2014 most common: vaginal, oral, anal contact<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    • \n

      Contact-household route<\/strong> \u2014 due to microtraumas to the skin, especially in conditions of high humidity (saunas, swimming pools)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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      Vertical path<\/strong> \u2014 from mother to child during childbirth<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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      Through personal hygiene items<\/strong> \u2014 rare, but possible infection<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Immunologist Larisa Vishneva notes: \u00ab"The virus does not enter the bloodstream \u2014 it is localized in the cells of the skin or mucous membrane. But this is what allows it to be a long-lasting and inconspicuous parasite in the tissues."\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n

      Symptoms of HPV infection<\/strong><\/h2>\n

      In most cases, HPV does not cause symptoms<\/strong> and is only detected during examination or screening. However, possible manifestations:<\/p>\n

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        genital warts (condyloma)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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        flat warts, papillomas<\/strong> on the skin<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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        cervical dysplasia<\/strong> (detected only during cytological examination)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        tumor-like formations<\/strong> in the area of the larynx, pharynx, anal canal<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        feeling discomfort during sexual intercourse<\/strong> (if warts are present)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \"HPV<\/p>\n

        HPV diagnostics<\/strong><\/h2>\n
        \n
        \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Method<\/strong><\/th>\nAppointment<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
        PCR analysis for HPV<\/td>\nDetection of viral DNA, typing (high\/low oncogenic)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Cytological examination (PAP test)<\/td>\nDetection of cervical cell changes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Colposcopy<\/td>\nVisualization of changes in the cervix<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Biopsy<\/td>\nIf dysplasia or cancer is suspected<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        E6\/E7 mRNA test<\/td>\nAdditional detection of HPV oncogene activity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

        Gynecologist Natalia Shevchenko notes: \u00ab"The mere fact of the presence of the virus in the analysis is not a verdict. What is important is the oncogenic type and whether there are already cellular changes. In most cases, the body itself "extinguishes" the infection in 6\u201324 months."\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

        HPV and the risk of developing cancer<\/strong><\/h2>\n

        Highly oncogenic HPV types have the ability to to integrate into the cell's genome<\/strong>, disrupting the mechanisms of apoptosis (natural cell death) and stimulating their uncontrolled division. This is the main mechanism of development:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \n

          cervical cancer<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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          cancer of the vulva, vagina, penis, anal canal<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

        • \n

          oropharyngeal cancer<\/strong> (especially in men)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          HPV treatment<\/strong><\/h2>\n

          The virus itself not excreted from the body<\/strong>, but its manifestations and the changes it causes are treated:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \n

            wart removal<\/strong>: laser, cryodestruction, radio wave method<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            antiviral drugs (topical\/systemic)<\/strong> \u2014 do not have 100% efficacy, but may reduce activity<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            immunomodulators<\/strong> \u2014 used to stimulate local immunity<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            dysplasia treatment<\/strong>: surgical, conization, observation (depending on stage)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            regular monitoring<\/strong> \u2014 a key factor in preventing progression to cancer<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            HPV prevention<\/strong><\/h2>\n
              \n
            • \n

              vaccination<\/strong> \u2014 the most effective method of prevention<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            • \n

              barrier methods of contraception<\/strong> (condoms do not guarantee complete protection, but they reduce the risk)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            • \n

              hygiene and monogamous relationships<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            • \n

              giving up bad habits<\/strong> (smoking reduces local immunity of mucous membranes)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            • \n

              regular screening<\/strong> \u2014 PAP test every year after the start of sexual activity<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              HPV vaccination<\/strong><\/h2>\n

              Available vaccines:<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \n

                Cervarix<\/strong> \u2014 against types 16 and 18<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                Gardasil<\/strong> \u2014 against types 6, 11, 16, 18<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                Gardasil-9<\/strong> \u2014 extended spectrum: types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Recommended:<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • \n

                  for children 9\u201314 years old<\/strong> \u2014 before the start of sexual activity<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                • \n

                  women under 26 years old<\/strong> \u2014 even if there is already contact with HPV<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                • \n

                  to men<\/strong> \u2014 for the prevention of warts, rectal cancer, oropharyngeal cancer<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  The human papillomavirus is not a sentence, but a diagnosis that can and should be worked with<\/strong>. Timely diagnosis, vaccination, and self-care are the best allies in maintaining health.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  What is human papillomavirus? 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