{"id":9429,"date":"2025-05-10T19:39:56","date_gmt":"2025-05-10T16:39:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/?p=9429"},"modified":"2026-05-27T12:03:44","modified_gmt":"2026-05-27T09:03:44","slug":"new-immunohistochemical-methods-possibilities-of-modern-diagnostics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/new-immunohistochemical-methods-possibilities-of-modern-diagnostics\/","title":{"rendered":"New methods of immunohistochemistry: possibilities of modern diagnostics"},"content":{"rendered":"

Morphological diagnostics of cancer and autoimmune diseases has reached a new level thanks to the development of immunohistochemistry (IHC).<\/strong> However, classical methods no longer always meet the requirements of accuracy, speed, and multiparametricity. Therefore, modern pathology is actively implementing new approaches that allow studying dozens of markers simultaneously, while preserving the context of the tissue.<\/p>\n

New immunohistochemistry methods combine the advantages of classical histology, molecular biology, and digital technologies, creating opportunities for personalized medicine, particularly in oncology<\/a>, neuroscience and immunopathology.<\/p>\n

What is immunohistochemistry: a brief overview<\/h2>\n

Immunohistochemistry is a method that allows the detection of specific proteins (antigens) in tissue sections using labeled antibodies. The method is widely used for:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \n

    diagnosis of tumor type and subtype<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    prognosis of the disease<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    selection of targeted therapy<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    studying the expression of receptors, growth factors, tumor markers<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Classical IGH is usually based on chromogenic reactions (e.g., DAB), but today the focus is on multiplex, digital, and automated technologies.<\/p>\n

    Latest technologies in immunohistochemistry<\/h2>\n
    \n
    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Method<\/strong><\/th>\nEssence<\/strong><\/th>\nAdvantages<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    Multiplex IHC (mIHC)<\/strong><\/td>\nSimultaneous staining of multiple markers on one section<\/td>\nSample saving, analysis of immune microenvironments<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Immunohistofluorescence (mIF)<\/strong><\/td>\nThe use of fluorescently labeled antibodies<\/a><\/td>\nHigh sensitivity, quantitative analysis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Tyramide Signal Amplification (TSA)<\/strong><\/td>\nSignal amplification through enzymatic reaction<\/td>\nExtremely high sensitivity at low antigen levels<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Digital Pathology + AI<\/strong><\/td>\nDigitization of slices, automated analysis by algorithms<\/td>\nMinimization of subjective factors, high accuracy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiling<\/strong><\/td>\nCombining IHC with mass spectrometry<\/td>\nSpatial profile of proteins and RNA in tissue<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Nanostring IHC Panels<\/strong><\/td>\nAnalysis of dozens of markers in one cycle<\/td>\nPersonalized oncopathology, immuno-oncology<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
    \n
    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    \"Pathologist<\/h2>\n

    Application of the latest approaches<\/h2>\n

    Oncology:<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    • \n

      PD-L1: assessing the potential for immunotherapy<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    • \n

      HER2, Ki-67: stratification in breast cancer<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    • \n

      CD8\/CD3\/CD68: analysis of the tumor immune microenvironment<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Neuropathology:<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n

        \u03b2-amyloid, phospho-tau: diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        \u03b1-synuclein: for verification of Parkinson's disease<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Hematology:<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \n
        • \n

          CD20, CD79a, CD5: classification of lymphomas<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

        • \n

          BCL2\/BCL6\/MYC: DLBCL differentiation and prognosis<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Autoimmune diseases:<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \n
          • \n

            Cell segmentation, studying the phenotype of inflammatory infiltrates<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            Determining the ratio of T-regulators\/effectors<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Transplantology:<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \n
            • \n

              Identifying chronic rejection<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            • \n

              Analysis of MHC expression and damage markers<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Advantages of new methods<\/h2>\n
                \n
              • \n

                Reducing the use of biomaterial<\/strong> \u2014 important for small volume biopsies<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                Multivariate analysis<\/strong> \u2014 up to 40 markers on one slice<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                Automation<\/strong> \u2014 minimization of the human factor<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                Improving diagnostic accuracy<\/strong> \u2014 especially in difficult cases<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                Possibility of integration with molecular diagnostics<\/strong> (FISH, PCR, NGS)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Implementation difficulties<\/h2>\n

                Despite the advantages, new technologies have their limitations:<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • \n

                  High cost of equipment and reagents<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                • \n

                  The need for staff training<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                • \n

                  Lack of interpretation standards for new panels<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                • \n

                  Variability of results when preprocedural preparation is not followed<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                • \n

                  Limited availability in conventional laboratories<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  However, leading medical institutions are already implementing multiplex IGH as a routine, especially in oncology centers and neuropathology.<\/p>\n

                  Modern immunohistochemistry techniques are opening up new depths in diagnostics: from the banal \u201cpositive\/negative\u201d to full-fledged tumor phenotyping, microenvironment analysis, and even prediction of response to treatment. Already today, they are forming the basis for truly personalized medicine \u2014 more accurate, faster, and more reliable than ever before.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  Morphological diagnostics of oncological and autoimmune diseases has reached a new level thanks to the development of immunohistochemistry (IHC). However, classical methods are not always<\/p>","protected":false},"author":97,"featured_media":9430,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9429","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9429","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/97"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9429"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9429\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9430"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9429"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9429"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9429"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}