{"id":9945,"date":"2025-06-03T20:41:38","date_gmt":"2025-06-03T17:41:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/?p=9945"},"modified":"2026-04-20T18:53:44","modified_gmt":"2026-04-20T15:53:44","slug":"hypersensitivity-reaction-which-sometimes-makes-immunity-unsafe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/medilab.km.ua\/en\/hypersensitivity-reaction-which-sometimes-makes-immunity-unsafe\/","title":{"rendered":"Hypersensitivity reaction: why immunity sometimes becomes dangerous"},"content":{"rendered":"
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I felt worse after the injection, is it an allergy?<\/h2>\n

Immunity is designed to protect the body \u2014 that\u2019s its mission. But what to do when this defense system loses control? When the whole body swells after insect bites, when medications cause shock, and pollen or a piece of nut triggers an \u00abalarm siren\u00bb throughout the body? Or when your own cells become a target?<\/p>\n

This is how it manifests itself hypersensitivity reaction<\/strong> \u2014 a condition in which the immune system responds too strongly, too quickly, or... to something she shouldn't respond to at all<\/strong>. This is the basis of many allergies, autoimmune diseases, reactions to drugs or vaccines. But this process has a clear structure and types - and you need to know about them in order to recognize and stop the risk in time.<\/p>\n

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?<\/h2>\n

A hypersensitivity reaction is inadequate immune response<\/strong> to the antigen that causes tissue damage<\/strong> or excessive inflammation<\/strong>. This reaction occurs even to harmless substances - pollen, milk protein, medications, your own cells. It is based on - excessive activation of immune cells<\/strong>, the production of antibodies or cytokines that trigger the inflammatory cascade.<\/p>\n

Why does it occur?<\/h2>\n
    \n
  • \n

    Dysregulation of the immune response<\/strong> \u2014 congenital or acquired.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Genetic predisposition<\/strong> \u2014 for example, to atopic reactions.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Trigger factors<\/strong> \u2014 infections, toxins, stress, hormonal changes.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Contact with new antigens<\/strong> \u2014 medicines, proteins of foreign origin.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Types of hypersensitivity according to the Gell & Coombs classification<\/h2>\n
    \n
    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Type<\/th>\nName<\/th>\nBasic mechanism<\/th>\nExamples<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    I<\/td>\nAnaphylactic (IgE-dependent)<\/td>\nHistamine release by mast cells<\/td>\nFood allergies, pollen, anaphylaxis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    II<\/td>\nCytotoxic<\/td>\nIgG\/IgM destroy own cells<\/td>\nAutoimmune hemolytic anemia, vasculitis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    III<\/td>\nImmunocomplex<\/td>\nAntigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues<\/td>\nSLE, glomerulonephritis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    IV<\/td>\nCell-mediated<\/td>\nActivation of T lymphocytes and cytokines<\/td>\nContact dermatitis, tuberculin test<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
    \n
    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    Type I: immediate reaction (allergic)<\/h2>\n
      \n
    • \n

      Mechanism<\/strong>: IgE antibodies attach to mast cells and basophils. Upon re-exposure to the allergen, the cells release histamine.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    • \n

      Symptoms<\/strong>: itching, edema, rash, rhinitis, bronchospasm, anaphylaxis.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    • \n

      Time of occurrence<\/strong>: from a few seconds to 30 minutes.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Type II: cytotoxic hypersensitivity<\/h2>\n
        \n
      • \n

        Mechanism<\/strong>: IgG or IgM antibodies attack self cells.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        Consequences<\/strong>: complement activation, cell destruction, inflammation.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        Examples<\/strong>: hemolytic disease of the newborn, reaction to blood transfusion.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Type III: immune complex<\/h2>\n
          \n
        • \n

          Mechanism<\/strong>: immune complexes deposit in blood vessels, kidneys, and joints.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

        • \n

          Manifestations<\/strong>: fever, rash, vasculitis, kidney damage, arthralgia.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

        • \n

          Examples<\/strong>: systemic lupus erythematosus, serum sickness.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Type IV: delayed (T-cell)<\/h2>\n
            \n
          • \n

            Mechanism<\/strong>: activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes \u2192 release of interleukins \u2192 chronic inflammation.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            Onset of symptoms<\/strong>: 24\u201372 hours after contact.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            Examples<\/strong>: contact dermatitis (latex, cosmetics), Mantoux reaction, transplant rejection.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \"diagram<\/p>\n

            Hypersensitivity to medications is a special category<\/h2>\n

            Drug reactions can be of any of four types. The most common are:<\/p>\n

              \n
            • \n

              Allergy to antibiotics (type I)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            • \n

              Penicillin-induced hemolysis (type II)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            • \n

              Rash or vasculitis after immunomodulators (type III)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            • \n

              Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome (type IV)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Dangerous reactions \u2014 anaphylaxis<\/strong>, exfoliative dermatitis<\/strong>, nephritis<\/strong> \u2014 require emergency care<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

              How to determine the type of reaction?<\/h2>\n

              Tests that may be prescribed:<\/h3>\n
                \n
              • \n

                Total IgE, specific IgE<\/strong> (type I)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                Immunogram<\/strong> (cellular and humoral indicators)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                Antibodies to cellular structures<\/strong> (ANA, anti-DNA, anti-erythrocyte)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                Skin or kidney biopsy<\/strong> (type III\/IV)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                Skin tests<\/strong> (prick test, patch test)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                Drug challenge tests<\/strong> \u2014 only in a clinic setting!<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Treatment: depending on the type, but with one principle - reduce immune aggression<\/h2>\n
                  \n
                • \n

                  Antihistamines<\/strong> (type I)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                • \n

                  Systemic corticosteroids<\/strong> (all types in severe cases)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                • \n

                  Immunosuppressive therapy<\/strong> (type II and III, less often IV)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                • \n

                  Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT)<\/strong> \u2014 for type I allergy<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                • \n

                  Trigger avoidance<\/strong> \u2014 the basis of prevention<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                • \n

                  Monitoring of immune parameters<\/strong> \u2014 control of the inflammatory process<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Hypersensitivity is not just about allergies. It about systemic immune failures<\/strong>, which can appear suddenly, or develop over years. A proper understanding of the types and mechanisms allows not only to alleviate symptoms, but also to prevent serious complications. If the body's reaction seems excessive, consult an allergist or immunologist. Because sometimes the immune system can really "overdo it.".<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  I felt worse after the injection, is it an allergy? Immunity is designed to protect the body - that's its mission. But what to do when this system<\/p>","protected":false},"author":627,"featured_media":9946,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9945","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0420\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0456\u044f \u0433\u0456\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0443\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u2014 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437\u0438, \u0441\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0429\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0435 \u0433\u0456\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0443\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438 (I\u2013IV), \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0437\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u044f\u043a 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