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The endocrine system and stress: how hormones control our reactions
When we are «stressed» – the body already works according to a different scenario
Stress is not just an emotional reaction. It is a complex biochemical process in which the endocrine system. It is she who starts a chain of hormonal changes that help adapt to the threat, but in the case of chronic stress can become a source of numerous disorders. To understand why we get tired, lose weight or, conversely, gain it, it is worth looking at how stress changes the functioning of the hormonal system.
How does the endocrine response to stress work?
In a stressful situation, the so-called hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA):
Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Pituitary responds to the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Adrenal glands under the action of ACTH secrete cortisol — the main stress hormone
At the same time, the sympatho-adrenal system is activated: adrenalin and norepinephrine. Together, these hormones prepare the body for «fight or flight»: they increase heart rate, blood pressure, glucose levels, and mobilize energy.
What happens with chronic stress?
In case of prolonged exposure to irritants the endocrine system goes into overload mode. Consequences:
Elevated cortisol levels suppresses the immune system, causes inflammatory processes, sleep disturbances
Insulin imbalance promotes fat accumulation, especially in the abdominal area
Suppression of sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone) reduces libido and fertility
Adrenal exhaustion can lead to conditions similar to chronic fatigue
Thyroid dysfunction — slowing of metabolism, hypothyroidism-like symptoms
Why are some people more resistant to stress?
The level of stress response depends not only on external circumstances, but also on individual sensitivity of receptors to hormones, genetics, thyroid status, vitamin levels (especially B6, B12, D), and overall hormonal balance.
Some people have rack GGNV-axis, others easily "break down" even with a minor stimulus.
How to diagnose a violation?
To assess the endocrine response to stress, the doctor may prescribe:
cortisol in blood and urine
ACTH — to assess the functioning of the pituitary gland
thyroid hormones (TSH, T4) — because the thyroid gland is very sensitive to stress
fasting glucose and insulin — to assess metabolic response
DHEA-S — as a marker of the balance of the anti-catabolic response
prolactin — may be increased in response to emotional or physiological stress
Is it possible to reduce hormonal stress?
Yes, there are both medical and non-medical methods:
Normalization of sleep patterns: it is at night that the cortisol rhythm is regulated
Physical activity: Moderate exercise reduces stress hormone levels
A diet high in magnesium and omega-3
Psychotherapy, breathing practices, cognitive therapy
Herbal preparations (adaptogens: rhodiola, ashwagandha) - in consultation with a doctor
It is important not to ignore the signals
Chronic stress does not pass without a trace. Its traces remain in the hormonal profile, the state of immunity, and metabolism. If you ignore the symptoms, you may not notice how functional disorders turn into a disease. Early intervention helps restore balance, preserve the resource of the endocrine system, and quality of life.
