COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 RNA). PCR (rRT-PCR). Qualitative determination

COVID-19 Coronavirus Infection: The Role of Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (rRT-PCR) in the Qualitative Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA

During the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) became an important tool for diagnosing and monitoring patients. This method allows qualitatively determining the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA in biological samples, such as saliva, nasal fluid, or nasal and throat swabs. In this article, we will review the principles of rRT-PCR, its importance in the fight against COVID-19, and methods for ensuring high-quality results.

How rRT-PCR works

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) is a biological method that allows the analysis of the genetic material of the virus. For the diagnosis of COVID-19, samples of biological material from the patient, such as nasal and throat swabs, are used. The main steps of rRT-PCR include:

1. Sample collection: Samples of biological material from the mucus of the nose or throat are collected using special devices.
2. RNA extraction: The genetic material of the virus contained in these samples is isolated and purified.
3. Complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis: The purified RNA is converted into DNA using an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. The resulting cDNA is complementary to the viral RNA.
4. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): The generated cDNA is used to make multiple copies of the virus's genetic material. This is achieved using special enzymes, such as TAC polymerase, and short oligonucleotide chains that are complementary to the viral RNA.
5. Detection of results: After several cycles of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the amount of viral genetic material becomes large enough to be detected. Detectors analyze and determine the presence of amplified viral material.
6. Analysis of results: The test results determine whether SARS-CoV-2 RNA is present in a biological sample. A positive result indicates COVID-19 infection, while a negative result indicates the absence of the virus.

The importance of rRT-PCR in the fight against COVID-19

RRT-PCR has become a key tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19 for two main reasons:

1. High sensitivity: RRT-PCR can detect even very low levels of the virus's genetic material. This allows for early detection of infection, when a patient may be asymptomatic but still infected.
2. Specificity: The pRT-PCR method specifically recognizes the genetic material of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, avoiding false positive results due to similarities with other viruses.

Quality of rRT-PCR results

Ensuring high quality rRT-PCR results is crucial for effective control of COVID-19. Several key aspects that affect the quality of results include:

1. Sample collection and storage: Samples must be collected and stored correctly to avoid contamination or degradation of viral RNA.
2. Reagent quality: Use high-quality reagents and controls to avoid false results.
3. Standardization and quality control: Regular testing and calibration of equipment, as well as the use of positive and negative controls, help ensure the accuracy of results.
4. Expert assessment: rRT-PCR results should be interpreted by a veterinarian or molecular biologist experienced in diagnosing COVID-19.

Conclusion: rRT-PCR is an indispensable tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19. By using it in combination with other methods, we can control the spread of the virus and ensure proper treatment and isolation of infected individuals, thus contributing to public health. Adherence to the above rules and standards guarantees reliable rRT-PCR results and an effective fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.