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Tests during pregnancy: what tests does the expectant mother undergo?
Pregnancy is a special period in a woman's life, when regular health monitoring affects not only her well-being, but also the development of the child. Laboratory and instrumental studies help to timely detect abnormalities, prevent complications and monitor the course of pregnancy. There are mandatory tests in each trimester, and the doctor may prescribe additional ones if necessary.
Early tests (up to 12 weeks)
Complete blood and urine analysis – assessment of the general condition of the body, detection of inflammation or anemia.
Blood type and Rh factor – important for the prevention of Rh conflict.
Biochemical blood test – liver function, kidneys, glucose level.
TORCH infections (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes) – detection of infections dangerous to the fetus.
HIV, hepatitis B and C testing, syphilis – mandatory screening to prevent transmission of infections to the child.
Coagulogram – blood clotting test.
Tests in the second trimester (12–24 weeks)
Double or triple test (biochemical screening) – assessment of the risk of congenital malformations of the fetus.
Glucose tolerance test (at 24–28 weeks) – diagnosis of gestational diabetes.
Repeated general blood and urine analysis – monitoring the mother's condition.
Ferritin level analysis – detection of iron deficiency anemia.
Tests in the third trimester (after 28 weeks)
Complete blood and urine analysis – control of complications (preeclampsia, infections).
Repeat coagulogram – preparation for childbirth.
Bacterial culture from the vagina – detection of group B streptococcus, which can be transmitted to a newborn.
Biochemical blood test – control of organ function.
Infection tests (as indicated) – repeated control in risk groups.
Additional examinations as indicated
Genetic testing (for high risk of developmental defects).
Ultrasound of the fetal heart (fetal echocardiography).
Thyroid hormone tests.
Research on the level of vitamins and trace elements.
Key tests by trimester of pregnancy
| Trimester | Basic analyses | Additionally |
|---|---|---|
| I (0–12 weeks) | General blood and urine analysis, TORCH, HIV, hepatitis, syphilis, blood group, coagulogram | Biochemistry, thyroid hormones |
| II (12–24 weeks) | Biochemical screening, glucose tolerance test, blood and urine | Ferritin, vitamins |
| III (28+ weeks) | Complete blood and urine analysis, coagulogram, bacterial culture for group B streptococcus | Infection tests, biochemistry |
Tests to detect pregnancy complications
Preeclampsia
This is a dangerous condition that manifests itself in high blood pressure and swelling. For timely detection, the doctor may prescribe:
General urine analysis – for the presence of protein (proteinuria).
Biochemical blood test – monitoring of kidney and liver function.
Coagulogram – assessment of coagulation, as preeclampsia increases the risk of thrombosis.
Anemia
A very common complication during pregnancy. It is manifested by:
Complete blood count – hemoglobin and red blood cell levels.
Ferritin analysis – reflects iron reserves in the body.
Serum iron – helps determine the cause of anemia.
Gestational diabetes
It develops in the second half of pregnancy and can affect the health of the baby. Basic tests:
Glucose tolerance test (GTT) – at 24–28 weeks of pregnancy.
Fasting glucose – for initial screening.
Glycated hemoglobin – an additional indicator of long-term sugar control.
The role of vitamins and minerals in pregnancy
The right balance of nutrients is important for both the mother and the developing fetus. Your doctor may recommend checking your blood levels of trace elements and vitamins.
Folic acid (vitamin B9). Protects against neural tube defects in the fetus. The test may be prescribed for women at high risk.
Vitamin D. Important for bone development and immunity. Deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia.
Calcium. Necessary for the formation of the child's skeletal system and support of the mother's muscles.
Magnesium. Helps reduce the risk of seizures and maintains normal blood pressure.
Iodine. Ensures the functioning of the thyroid gland, which affects the development of the child's brain.
Iron. Controlling its level prevents anemia and fetal hypoxia.
Pregnancy tests are not just routine examinations, but an important tool for preserving the life and health of the mother and child. Timely diagnosis of complications, monitoring the level of trace elements and vitamins, as well as a systematic approach to monitoring pregnancy make this period as safe and secure as possible.
