Esophageal biopsy

Esophageal biopsy — is the taking of tissue samples from the esophageal mucosa during endoscopic examination (EGD) for subsequent pathomorphological analysis. This is the most accurate diagnostic method that allows for the differentiation of inflammatory changes, precancerous conditions, and malignant tumors at the cellular level.

Research objective: The study is performed to establish an accurate diagnosis when changes are detected during a camera examination of the esophagus. Histological confirmation is necessary to verify the nature of the neoplasm, determine the type of inflammation, or identify specific structural changes in cells under the influence of gastric juice.

What does the pathologist evaluate:

• Epithelial integrity: the presence of erosions, ulcers or areas of keratinization.

• Barrett's esophagus: looking for metaplasia (replacement of normal stratified epithelium with columnar), which is a serious precancerous condition.

• Signs of esophagitis: determining the nature of inflammation (reflux esophagitis, eosinophilic or candidal esophagitis).

• Cellular atypia and dysplasia: assessment of the risk of tissue transformation into cancer.

• Presence of tumors: differentiation of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.

Clinical significance: The biopsy results are critical for choosing treatment tactics. For example, the detection of Barrett's esophagus requires regular monitoring and specific therapy to prevent cancer. In the case of a tumor, histology determines its type, which is crucial for the appointment of surgery, radiation or chemotherapy.

When is it prescribed:

• suspected neoplasms (tumors, polyps) detected during gastroscopy;

• long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) to rule out Barrett's esophagus;

• ulcers or strictures (narrowing) of the esophagus;

• swallowing disorder (dysphagia) of unknown origin;

• monitoring the condition of tissues after treatment.