Bacterial vaginosis: causes, symptoms, diagnosis and prevention

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) — is the most common imbalance in the vaginal microflora in women of reproductive age. According to WHO, up to 30% women in the world experience this condition at least once in their lives. Although in many cases it is asymptomatic, the consequences can be serious — from an increased risk of infections to complications during pregnancy.

What is bacterial vaginosis?

The normal vaginal flora is mainly composed of lactobacilli, which produce lactic acid and maintain an acidic environment. This creates a barrier against pathogenic microorganisms. In bacterial vaginosis, the number of lactobacilli decreases, and their place is taken by bacteria such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus, Atopobium vaginae. This changes the acidity of the environment, promotes the reproduction of opportunistic microorganisms and causes symptoms.

Reasons for development

Both external and internal factors can contribute to the development of BV. Excessive use of antibiotics destroys not only harmful but also beneficial bacteria, which disrupts the balance of microflora. Frequent changes of sexual partners increase the risk of microbiota imbalance due to contact with new microorganisms. Douching and the use of aggressive intimate hygiene products wash out protective lactobacilli. Hormonal changes during pregnancy or menopause also change the composition of the microflora, increasing the risk of BV.

Symptoms of bacterial vaginosis

The most common symptom is a gray or whitish discharge with a strong "fishy" odor. It becomes especially noticeable after sexual intercourse. Some women experience discomfort, burning, or mild itching. However, in a significant proportion of patients, BV is asymptomatic and is detected only during a gynecological examination or laboratory tests.

Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis

In accordance with Mayo Clinic, a combination of clinical and laboratory methods is used for diagnosis:

• measuring the pH level in the vagina (with BV it increases to >4.5);

• smear microscopy to detect "key cells" (epithelium covered with bacteria);

• cultural studies;

• detection tests Gardnerella vaginalis and other specific bacteria.

Table: Differences between bacterial vaginosis and other vaginal infections

How dangerous is bacterial vaginosis?

Although BV itself does not always cause serious complications, it significantly increases the risk of sexually transmitted infections, including OX. During pregnancy, it can cause premature birth, low birth weight, and postpartum infections. Bacterial vaginosis can also cause chronic pelvic inflammatory disease.

Tips for preventing bacterial vaginosis

To reduce the risk of BV, it is important to maintain a balance of vaginal microflora:

• Avoid douching, as it disrupts the natural protection of the mucosa.

• Use mild intimate hygiene products without aggressive fragrances and antiseptics.

• Practice safe sex and limit the number of partners.

• Support overall immunity: A balanced diet, adequate sleep, and avoiding stress help the body maintain its natural defenses.

• Avoid uncontrolled use of antibiotics. If they are necessary for medical reasons, discuss with your doctor the possibility of supporting the microflora with probiotics.

Bacterial vaginosis is a common but manageable condition. With timely diagnosis and proper treatment, complications can be avoided and the balance of microflora can be restored. By taking care of prevention, women significantly reduce the risk of repeated episodes and maintain the health of the reproductive system.