Metabolic disorders: how metabolism is disrupted and what to do about it

Metabolic disorders are disorders that occur when the body cannot properly process or use nutrients. They are not a single disease, but a spectrum of conditions that involve the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and hormones. It is estimated that WHO, more than 20% of the adult population have some form of metabolic imbalance, but most do not even suspect it.

How metabolism works and what disrupts it

Metabolism is the set of reactions by which cells obtain energy from food. It consists of two processes:

• catabolism — splitting of substances to obtain energy;

• anabolism — creation of new structures and energy reserves.

When the balance between these processes is disrupted, metabolic problems occur. The main risk factors are:

• sedentary lifestyle;

• excess sugar and trans fats in the diet;

• chronic stress and lack of sleep;

• endocrine disorders (in particular, problems with the thyroid gland or pancreas);

• hereditary enzyme defects.

How to recognize metabolic disorders: body «signals»

The most common symptoms of metabolic disorders include:

• constant fatigue or drowsiness;

• sudden fluctuations in body weight;

• feeling hungry even after eating;

• dry skin, brittle hair and nails;

• frequent urination or thirst;

• memory impairment, apathy, irritability.

Sometimes the first symptoms can be confused with normal fatigue. However, if they last for weeks, this is a good reason to see a doctor.

The Hidden Enemy: Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is a combination of several disorders: obesity (especially in the abdominal area), elevated sugar levels, cholesterol, and blood pressure. It is not just “excess weight,” but a complex problem that greatly increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, and diabetes.

In accordance with Mayo Clinic, the key features of metabolic syndrome are:

1. Waist circumference over 94 cm in men and 80 cm in women.

2. High triglyceride levels.

3. Reduced "good" cholesterol (HDL).

4. High blood pressure.

5. Elevated fasting glucose.

If at least three of these factors are present, there is a risk of developing the syndrome.

The most common metabolic disorders

How metabolic disorders are diagnosed

The examination usually begins with a blood test. The doctor may order:

• fasting glucose or glucose tolerance test;

• insulin and glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c);

• lipid profile (cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL);

• liver enzymes (ALT, AST);

• uric acid level;

• thyroid hormones.

Additionally, an ultrasound examination of the liver, measurement of body mass index and waist circumference may be performed.

How metabolic disorders are treated and controlled

Treatment depends on the type of disorder, but the main strategy is always the same — restore balance. Main directions:

Food:

• reducing the consumption of sweet, flour and fried foods;

• emphasis on protein, fiber, vegetables, and water;

• frequent but small meals.

Physical activity:

• regular aerobic exercise (walking, swimming, cycling);

• 30 minutes of exercise daily is the minimum to maintain metabolism.

Sleep and stress:

• 7–8 hours of sleep daily;

• relaxation, breathing practices, walks in the fresh air.

Drug therapy:
If necessary, the doctor may prescribe medications to lower blood sugar levels (metformin), normalize lipids (statins), or lower blood pressure. In complex cases, hormonal or enzyme therapy.

Prevention of metabolic disorders

According to FDA, prevention is much better than cure. To maintain a healthy metabolism, follow these simple rules:

• Eat a balanced diet and don't overeat;

• maintain a normal weight;

• control your sugar levels, cholesterol and pressure;

• do not abuse alcohol;

• undergo preventive tests once a year.

Even a little daily activity and dietary correction can significantly reduce the risk of metabolic disorders.

Why metabolic disorders cannot be ignored

Untreated metabolic disorders can lead to serious complications over time, from diabetic nephropathy to heart failure. But the good news is that most of these conditions can be controlled if you pay attention to symptoms and make lifestyle changes.

A healthy metabolism is not just about energy exchange, it is about the stability of all body processes. By taking care of it today, you are investing in your healthy tomorrow.

Sources

1. World Health Organization (WHO). Noncommunicable diseases and metabolic disorders. 2024.

2. Mayo Clinic. Metabolic syndrome - causes and prevention.

3. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Healthy living and metabolic health.